24 Respectful Terminology When Referring to Indigenous Peoples

This umbrella term refers collectively to the original peoples of Canada and their descendants, specifically including First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.

First Nations

Most, though not all, reserve-based communities in Canada describe themselves as ‘First Nations.’ In informal documents, it is appropriate to use “First Nation” for a single group or “First Nations” for multiple groups. When possible, use the official name the community uses. Technically, “First Nations” refers to people with Indian status under Canadian law, but some individuals may identify differently.

(Queen’s University, n.d.)

Métis

Métis refers to a distinct Indigenous group in Canada with a unique social history. The term may be used in both singular and plural forms, e.g., “Tom, a Métis student,” or “Métis communities.” Please use the correct accent (é) in Métis.

(Queen’s University, n.d.)

Inuit

Inuit are Indigenous peoples primarily from Arctic regions, and are culturally and legally distinct from both First Nations and Métis. The singular is “Inuk.” The word “Inuit” itself means “people,” so it is not necessary to say “Inuit people.” The term “Eskimo” is now considered outdated and offensive and should be avoided.

(Queen’s University, n.d.)

Terms to Avoid

Native

“Native” is not commonly used in formal or respectful contemporary conversation. Exceptions may occur in organizational names or when individuals self-identify using this term.

(Queen’s University, n.d.)

Possessive Phrasing (e.g., “our Native People”, “Native Canadian”, “Indigenous Canadian”)

While “Indigenous peoples” have lived on what is now Canada since time immemorial, many do not define themselves by the boundaries of the Canadian state. Some may not consider themselves Canadians and instead identify with their own sovereign nations. Because of this, using phrases like “our Indigenous peoples” or “Canada’s Indigenous peoples” can be perceived as paternalistic, reflecting a narrative developed through colonial relations. Canada’s relationship with Indigenous peoples is based in treaty and mutual obligation, rather than ownership or possession.

For this reason, try to use phrasing like “Indigenous peoples in Canada” rather than using a possessive construction.

(Queen’s University, n.d.)

Aboriginal

“Aboriginal” is a term with legal and constitutional standing, as found in Section 35 of the Constitution Act (1982). Though widely used for much of the late 20th century, it has been largely replaced by “Indigenous” in most contexts. “Aboriginal” should not be used as a noun (e.g., avoid “Aboriginals think…”); instead, refer to “Aboriginal peoples.”
As with “Indigenous,” avoid using possessive phrases (e.g., “Canada’s Aboriginal peoples” or “our Aboriginal peoples”) as this can suggest a history of paternalism and control.

(Queen’s University, n.d.)

Indian

The term “Indian” is now considered outdated and potentially offensive, except when used in specific legal or historical contexts (such as the “Indian Act,” “status Indian,” or “Indian status”). These terms refer to specific classifications in government policy. Consult with knowledgeable people if needing to use these terms outside of these specific contexts.

(Queen’s University, n.d.)