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Introduction
1.0. Preamble
1.1. (Very) Brief Refresher of the Basics
1.2. Spin and Magnetic Fields
1.3. Pulse and Signal Generation
1.4. TMS as 0 PPM
1.5. Chemical Shift Terminology
1.6. What Can We Learn? Number of H Types
1.7. What Can We Learn? Relative Numbers of H’s
1.8. What Can We Learn? Chemical Environments and Functional Groups
1.9. What Can We Learn? Coupling and Connectivity
1.10. Extra Considerations and Complications
1.11. How To Predict NMR Spectra
1.12. How To Interpret NMR Spectra and Generate Plausible Molecular Structures
Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes
Chapter 1 Practice Problems
Chapter 1 References
2.1. (Very) Brief Refresher of the Basics
2.2. Terminology – Alpha, Beta, Gamma vs. 2, 3, 4
2.3. Keto-Enol Tautomerism
2.4. Effects on Acidity at the Alpha Position
2.5. Enol and Enolate Reactions Preamble
2.6. Acid vs. Base Catalysis for Enol Reactions
2.7. Reaction: Alpha- (α-) Halogenation
2.8. Reaction: Haloform Reaction
2.9. Reaction: Alpha (α) Alkylation
2.10. Aldol Reactions
2.11. Bioorganic Example: Aldolase
Chapter 2 Learning Outcomes
3.1. Refresher and Expansion: Functional Groups
3.2. Refresher and Expansion: Geometry and Stereogenicity of Amines and Ammonium Cations
3.3. Refresher and Expansion: Nucleophilicity and Basicity of Amines
3.4. Synthesizing Primary Amines
3.5. Synthesizing Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Amines
3.6. Heterocycles
3.7. Synthesizing Heterocycles
3.8. Bioorganic Example: NAD+/NADH
Chapter 3 Learning Outcomes
Chapter 3 References
4.1. Background and Terminology: Amino Acids
4.2. Properties of Common Amino Acids
4.3. Synthesis of α-Amino Acids
4.4. Background and Terminology: Peptides
4.5. Properties of Peptides
4.6. Synthesis of Peptides
Chapter 4 Learning Outcomes
Chapter 4 References
5.1. Background and Terminology: Carbohydrates/Saccharides
5.2. Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides
5.3. Nomenclature of Monosaccharides
5.4. Mutarotation
5.5. Glycosidic Bonds
5.6. Disaccharides
5.7. Polysaccharides
5.8. Reactions of Saccharides
5.9. Logic Puzzles: Using Chemical Reactions to Determine Sugar Structures
Chapter 5 Learning Outcomes
Chapter 5 References
6.1. (Very) Brief Refresher of the Basics
6.2. (Very) Brief Overview of Terminology and Non-Enzymatic Uses of Proteins
6.3. Enzymes
6.4. Local Environments Affect Reactivity
6.5. A Sampling of Enzymes: Proteases
6.6. Cofactors
Chapter 6 Learning Outcomes
Chapter 6 References
7.1. Nucleobases
7.2. Nomenclature/Terminology: Nucleobases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids
7.3. Nucleotides
7.4. Biopolymer Structure of Nucleic Acids
7.5. DNA vs. RNA
7.6. Why Use Enzymes for Nucleic Acid Synthesis
7.7. Solid-Phases Synthesis of Nucleic Acids
Chapter 7 Learning Outcomes
Chapter 7 References
Acknowledgements
This chapter and the contents within are shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
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Introduction to Bio-Organic Chemistry Copyright © by Steven Langdon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.