Chapter 6 Learning Outcomes

Learning Outcomes are summarized lists of the main ideas/skills that students should take away from a chapter. “Learning Outcomes” lists are not exhaustive; there may be other ideas/skills covered in the chapter that are also useful but not necessarily the main focus.

For Chapter 1 the Learning Outcomes are:

1. Understand the fundamentals of enzymes, proteins, and catalysis.
2. Understand the fundamentals of the enzyme-substrate complex model.
3. Understand the catalytic principles commonly used by enzymes (Approximation, General Acid/Base, Covalent Bonding, Metal Ion Complexes). Be able to identify when enzymes are using one or more of these principles.
4. Understand the fundamentals of how local environments can affect chemical reactivity.
5. Understand the fundamentals Serine Proteases, their mechanisms, and how they address the problems with their target reaction using catalytic principles.
6. Understand the fundamentals Cysteine Proteases, their mechanisms, and how they address the problems with their target reaction using catalytic principles.
7. Understand the fundamentals Metallo-Proteases, their mechanisms, and how they address the problems with their target reaction using catalytic principles.
8. Understand the fundamentals Aspartyl Proteases, their mechanisms, and how they address the problems with their target reaction using catalytic principles.
9. Understand the fundamentals of cofactors, essential ions, and coenzymes.
10. Know the structure and understand the fundamentals of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Understand its applications in and the mechanisms of pyruvate decarboxylase enzymes, transketolase enzymes, and the benzoin reaction.
11. Know the structure and understand the fundamentals of tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA). Understand its applications in and the concepts behind methyl/methene/formyl transferases.
12. Know the structure and understand the fundamentals of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Understand its applications in and the concepts behind methylases.
13. Know the structure and understand the fundamentals of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺/NADH). Understand its applications in and the general mechanism of lactate dehydrogenase enzymes.
14. Know the structure and understand the fundamentals of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH₂). Understand its applications in and the concepts behind single-electron-transfer (SET) reactions. Understand its applications in and the general mechanism of amino acid oxidase enzymes.
15. Know the structure and understand the fundamentals of coenzyme A (CoA). Understand its applications in and the concepts behind fatty acid synthesis and the citric acid cycle. Understand its applications in and the general mechanism of acetyltransferase enzymes.
16. Know the structure and understand the fundamentals of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). Understand its applications in and the mechanisms of amino acid decarboxylase and amino acid transaminase enzymes.