Contents

1. Download PDF Files

2. Copyright

3. Acknowledgments

4. Preface to the First University of Saskatchewan Edition

   Karla Panchuk

5. Preface to the Original Edition

6. Second University of Saskatchewan Edition: Goals

7. Versioning History

8. Chapter 1. Introduction to Geology

   1. 1.1 What Is Geology? 

   2. 1.2 Why Study Earth?

   3. 1.3 What Do Geologists Do?

   4. 1.4 We Study Earth Using the Scientific Method

   5. 1.5 Three Big Ideas: Geological Time, Uniformitarianism, and Plate Tectonics

   6. Chapter 1 Summary

   7. Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions

9. Chapter 2. The Origin of Earth and the Solar System

   1. 2.4 Earth's First 2 Billion Years

   2. 2.3 How to Build a Solar System

   3. 2.1 Starting with a Big Bang

   4. 2.2 Forming Planets from the Remnants of Exploded Stars

   5. 2.5 Are There Other Earths?

   6. Chapter 2 Summary

   7. Answers to Chapter 2 Review Questions

10. Chapter 3. Earth's Interior

    1. 3.1 Earth's Layers: Crust, Mantle, and Core

    2. 3.2 Imaging Earth's Interior

    3. 3.3 Earth's Interior Heat

    4. Answers to Chapter 3 Review Questions

    5. Chapter 3 Summary

    6. 3.5 Isostasy

    7. 3.4 Earth's Magnetic Field

11. Chapter 4. Plate Tectonics

    1. 4.1 Alfred Wegener's Arguments for Plate Tectonics

    2. 4.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century

    3. 4.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century

    4. 4.4 Plates, Plate Motions, and Plate-Boundary Processes

    5. 4.5 Mechanisms for Plate Motion

    6. Chapter 4 Summary

    7. Answers to Chapter 4 Review Questions

12. Chapter 5. Minerals

    1. 5.1 Atoms

    2. 5.2 Bonding and Lattices

    3. 5.3 Mineral Groups

    4. 5.5 How Minerals Form

    5. 5.4 Silicate Minerals

    6. 5.6 Mineral Properties

    7. Chapter 5 Summary

    8. Answers to Chapter 5 Review Questions

13. Chapter 6. The Rock Cycle

    1. 6.1 What Is A Rock?

    2. 6.2 The Rock Cycle

    3. Chapter 6 Summary

    4. Answers to Chapter 6 Review Questions

14. Chapter 7. Igneous Rocks

    1. Answers to Chapter 7 Review Questions

    2. Chapter 7 Summary

    3. 7.4 Intrusive Igneous Rocks

    4. 7.3 Classification of Igneous Rocks

    5. 7.2 Crystallization of Magma

    6. 7.1 Magma and How It Forms

15. Chapter 8. Weathering, Sediment, and Soil

    1. 8.1 Mechanical Weathering

    2. 8.2 Chemical Weathering

    3. 8.3 Controls on Weathering Processes and Rates

    4. 8.4 Weathering and Erosion Produce Sediments

    5. 8.5 Weathering and Soil Formation

    6. 8.6 Soils of Canada

    7. 8.7 Weathering and Climate Change

    8. Answers to Chapter 8 Review Questions

    9. Chapter 8 Summary

16. Chapter 9. Sedimentary Rocks

    1. 9.1 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

    2. 9.2 Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

    3. 9.3 Organic Sedimentary Rocks

    4. 9.4 Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Basins

    5. 9.5 Sedimentary Structures and Fossils

    6. 9.6 Groups, Formations, and Members

    7. Chapter 9 Summary

    8. Answers to Chapter 9 Review Questions

17. Chapter 10. Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

    1. 10.1 Controls on Metamorphic Processes

    2. 10.2 Foliation and Rock Cleavage

    3. 10.3 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

    4. 10.4 Types of Metamorphism and Where They Occur

    5. 10.5 Metamorphic Facies and Index Minerals

    6. 10.6 Metamorphic Hydrothermal Processes and Metasomatism

    7. Chapter 10 Summary

    8. Answers to Chapter 10 Review Questions

18. Chapter 11. Volcanism

    1. 11.1 What Is A Volcano?

    2. 11.2 Materials Produced by Volcanic Eruptions

    3. 11.3 Types of Volcanoes

    4. 11.4 Types of Volcanic Eruptions

    5. 11.5 Plate Tectonics and Volcanism

    6. 11.6 Volcanic Hazards

    7. 11.7 Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions

    8. 11.8 Volcanoes in Canada

    9. Chapter 11 Summary

    10. Answers to Chapter 11 Review Questions

19. Chapter 12. Earthquakes

    1. 12.1 What is an Earthquake?

    2. 12.2 Measuring Earthquakes

    3. 12.3 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics

    4. 12.4 The Impacts of Earthquakes

    5. 12.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Impacts

    6. Chapter 12 Summary

    7. Answers to Chapter 12 Review Questions

20. Chapter 13. Geological Structures and Mountain Building

    1. 13.1 Stress and Strain

    2. 13.2 Folds

    3. 13.3 Fractures, Joints, and Faults

    4. 13.4 Mountain Building

    5. Answers to Chapter 13 Review Questions

    6. Chapter 13 Summary

    7. 13.5 Measuring Geological Structures

21. Chapter 14. Streams and Floods

    1. 14.1 The Hydrological Cycle

    2. 14.2 Drainage Basins

    3. 14.3 Stream Erosion and Deposition

    4. 14.4 Stream Types

    5. 14.5 Flooding

    6. Chapter 14 Summary

    7. Answers to Chapter 14 Review Questions

22. Chapter 15. Mass Wasting

    1. 15.1 Factors That Control Slope Stability

    2. 15.2 Classification of Mass Wasting

    3. 15.3 Preventing, Delaying, Monitoring, and Mitigating Mass Wasting

    4. Chapter 15 Summary

    5. Answers to Chapter 15 Review Questions

23. Chapter 16. Earth-System Change

    1. 16.1 What Is the Earth System?

    2. 16.2 Causes of Climate Change

    3. 16.3 Methods for Studying Past Climate

    4. 16.4 Computer Models of the Earth System

    5. 16.5 Humans in the Earth System

    6. 16.6 Welcome to the Anthropocene

    7. Chapter 16 Summary

    8. Answers to Chapter 16 Review Questions

24. Chapter 17. Glaciation

    1. Answers to Chapter 17 Review Questions

    2. Chapter 17 Summary

    3. 17.4 Glaciations over Earth's History

    4. 17.3 Glacial Deposits

    5. 17.1 Types of Glaciers

    6. 17.2 Glacial Erosion

25. Chapter 18. Geological Resources

    1. 18.1 If You Can't Grow It, You Have to Mine It

    2. 18.2 Metal Deposits

    3. 18.3 Industrial Minerals

    4. 18.4 Fossil Fuels

    5. 18.5 Diamonds

    6. Chapter 18 Summary

    7. Answers to Chapter 18 Review Questions

26. Chapter 19. Measuring Geological Time

    1. 19.1 The Geological Timescale

    2. 19.3 Dating Rocks Using Fossils

    3. 19.4 Isotopic Dating Methods

    4. 19.2 Relative Dating Methods

    5. 19.5 Other Dating Methods

    6. 19.6 Understanding Geological Time

    7. Chapter 19 Summary

    8. Answers to Chapter 19 Review Questions

27. Glossary

28. Appendix A. List of Geologically Important Elements and the Periodic Table

29. Appendix B. Image Attributions

30. About the Author